Obol - Edward I

Edward I's Aquitainian issues occupy a peculiar corner of medieval numismatics — struck not as King of England but as Duke of Aquitaine, a title held from the French crown that required Edward to perform homage to the French king, a humiliation he delayed and resisted throughout his reign. The tension over Gascony eventually erupted into open conflict with Philip IV in 1294, suspending English administration of the duchy and almost certainly interrupting mint output for several years within this date range.

The obol denomination — half a denier — was among the smallest fiduciary units in circulation, its billon content already debased well below earlier Carolingian standards by this period.