Liard / Oord - Floris of Palland

Floris of Palland acquired the county of Culemborg through marriage in 1556 and spent much of his tenure navigating the brutal pressures of the Dutch Revolt — a conflict that made small copper coinage both politically fraught and economically necessary. Local authorities throughout the Low Countries struck liards and oorden in this period partly to fill the void left by disrupted Spanish supply chains and partly to assert jurisdictional independence while they still could.

Culemborg's copper issues from the 1580s and 1590s are sparsely documented, and the HPM and Verkade references diverge enough in their attributions to suggest genuine uncertainty about die relationships within this series.