Kurus - Abdülhamid I Kostantiniyye mint

Abdülhamid I came to the throne in 1774 after spending over forty years confined in the kafes — the palace apartments where Ottoman princes were isolated to prevent succession struggles. His reign opened immediately into crisis: the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca that same year forced the empire to cede Crimea and acknowledge Russian rights over Orthodox Christian subjects, a concession that reoriented Ottoman foreign policy for the next century. The Kostantiniyye mint was producing coinage against that backdrop of military humiliation and fiscal strain.

Billon issues of this type circulated heavily in Anatolia and the Balkans, and worn survivors are far more common than sharp examples. The .465 fineness reflects chronic silver shortages that had been degrading Ottoman coinage since the late seventeenth century.