Kupang - Ahmad II/III

Samudra-Pasai, on the northern tip of Sumatra, was among the earliest Muslim polities in Southeast Asia, and its kupang coinage functioned as the primary medium of long-distance trade through the Malacca Strait during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Ibn Battuta visited the sultanate around 1345 and recorded its ruler as a devout Shafi'i Muslim who conducted theological debates at court — the same court authorizing these diminutive gold pieces. The wide date range attributed to Ahmad II/III reflects genuine uncertainty in the dynastic sequence, with historians still debating whether these represent one reign or two.