Kopeck - Feodor III Alexeyevich

Feodor III's reign lasted just six years, ending with his death in 1682 at roughly twenty years old — a ruler so physically debilitated by scurvy and other ailments that he could barely stand for court ceremonies. The wire money kopecks struck under his name continued the fish-scale format unchanged from Ivan the Terrible's monetary reform of 1535, hammered from hand-drawn silver wire clipped to weight and struck between crude dies.

Attribution to a specific tsar on these pieces relies almost entirely on the Cyrillic abbreviated legend, as the dies were shared and reused promiscuously across reigns. The GKH references diverge in numbering between editions, reflecting ongoing scholarly disagreement over die-state sequencing.