Karshapana - Ujjain

Ujjain's punch-marked coinage circulated through one of the ancient world's most commercially active cities — a major node on the trade routes connecting the Gangetic plain to the western ports. The Ujjain symbol, a wheel-like motif punched into these pieces, has given specialists enough consistency to attribute regional issues with reasonable confidence, though the absence of dynastic inscriptions means exact issuing authority remains contested across the literature.

Copper karshapanas of this weight class were struck at a fraction of the silver standard, serving smaller transactions that silver could not efficiently handle.