Jital - 'Ala al-din Muhammad 'Muhammad II of Khwarezm' Qunduz mint

Muhammad II's campaigns against the Ghurids, his nominal overlords until he crushed them at Andkhud in 1204, transformed Khwarezm almost overnight from a tributary state into the dominant power of Central Asia. The Qunduz mint, sitting at a critical junction of trans-Oxus trade routes, was among the facilities brought under his direct monetary authority during that rapid expansion.

Within two decades of these issues, the entire apparatus that produced them was obliterated — Genghis Khan's 1219–1221 campaign annihilated Khwarazmian urban infrastructure so thoroughly that many mints simply never reopened.