Muhammad II's rapid territorial expansion — he eliminated the Ghurid Sultanate, absorbed Transoxiana, and briefly controlled an empire stretching from the Caspian to the Persian Gulf — generated an enormous demand for small-denomination coinage at regional mints. Farwan, a secondary mint in the Khwarazmian system, strikes of this type tend to show variable fabric quality, a known characteristic of peripheral production under wartime administrative strain.
The entire monetary output of this reign was effectively terminated by 1220 when the Mongol invasion under Genghis Khan dismantled the empire within two campaigning seasons.
Muhammad II's rapid territorial expansion — he eliminated the Ghurid Sultanate, absorbed Transoxiana, and briefly controlled an empire stretching from the Caspian to the Persian Gulf — generated an enormous demand for small-denomination coinage at regional mints. Farwan, a secondary mint in the Khwarazmian system, strikes of this type tend to show variable fabric quality, a known characteristic of peripheral production under wartime administrative strain.
The entire monetary output of this reign was effectively terminated by 1220 when the Mongol invasion under Genghis Khan dismantled the empire within two campaigning seasons.