Jital - 'Ala al-din Muhammad Bull with dots, Kurraman

Muhammad II of Khwarezm ruled one of the largest empires of the early 13th century, stretching from the Caspian to the Persian Gulf — until Genghis Khan dismantled it with a speed that shocked the Islamic world. The Kurraman mint, operating in the region of modern Afghanistan, issued jitals that circulated through a frontier zone where Indo-Persian trade networks met Central Asian overland routes. The bull-type design reflects the deep numismatic influence of earlier Hindu Shahi and Ghaznavid coinage conventions that persisted long after the political transitions.

Billon composition varied considerably across Khwarezmian jital issues, and die alignment on Kurraman pieces is frequently irregular.