Grosz - August III Sas Grünthal mint

The Grünthal copper grosz was struck at a private mill facility in Saxony rather than a royal Polish mint — Augustus III, ruling simultaneously as Elector of Saxony, routinely farmed out Commonwealth copper coinage to Saxon entrepreneurs, a practice that generated considerable resentment among Polish magnates who saw the profits flowing west. The Grünthal mill operated under lease arrangements that gave the crown a fixed return while the leaseholder absorbed production costs, a structurally exploitative setup that incentivized debasement and corner-cutting.

The five Kopalski varieties across this date range reflect genuine die differences accumulated over years of continuous production.