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Grosso of 12 denari - In name of Otto square E

Issuer Republic of Lucca (Lucca, Italian States)
Year 1250-1257
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Orientation Variable alignment ↺
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Obverse description Facing bearded royal bust of the Emperor Otto, rendered in a stylised Romanesque manner, wearing a jewelled crown adorned with pellets and arched elements. The face is depicted frontally with large schematic eyes, a prominent nose, and a forked beard. The bust is contained within a beaded inner circle, outside of which runs the Latin legend. The overall execution reflects the characteristic flat, hieratic style of mid-thirteenth-century Italian hammered coinage.
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Obverse lettering ✠ • S • VVLT' • DE LVCA •
Reverse description Within a beaded inner circle, a large square capital letter 'E' — the distinctive 'square E' type — flanked on either side by a small lozenge or star ornament, all set against a plain field. The monogram alludes to the name of Emperor Otto IV and serves as the primary device of this reverse type. The surrounding Latin legend, separated from the inner circle by the beaded border, names the issuing authority. The entire composition is characteristic of the Lucchese grosso series struck in the name of the Holy Roman Emperor.
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