Groat 'Saint Peter' - John of Arkel (with Papal tiara)

John of Arkel held the see of Liège from 1364 until his death in 1378, but his episcopate was defined less by spiritual administration than by relentless fiscal and military conflict with his own chapter and with the Duke of Brabant. The inclusion of the papal tiara on this groat is a deliberate assertion of jurisdictional authority — prince-bishops occupied a genuinely awkward position, owing allegiance simultaneously to Rome and to the Holy Roman Empire, and the iconographic choices on their coinage were never accidental.

The 1373–1376 dating brackets a period of particular instability in the prince-bishopric's finances, which likely drove mint output rather than any single political event.