Fiorino Vecchio of 12 denari

The fiorino vecchio predates Florence's more famous gold florin by decades, circulating as the city's primary silver denomination during a period of explosive commercial expansion across Tuscany and the wider Mediterranean trade networks. Its minting coincided almost exactly with Florence's brutal conflict with Siena — the Guelph-Ghibelline rivalry that would culminate in the Florentine disaster at Montaperti in 1260, after which the city's monetary administration was temporarily disrupted.

The MIR 38 attribution covers a broad emission span, and die studies have identified meaningful variation across the type.