Falus - Mu'izz al-din Muhammad bin Sam

Mu'izz al-din Muhammad bin Sam — better known in Western historiography as Muhammad of Ghor — used his coinage program as an administrative tool during the rapid conquest of northern India, with falus issues serving exchange in territories where his silver coinage rarely penetrated. His decisive defeat of Prithviraj Chauhan at the Second Battle of Tarain in 1192 opened the Gangetic plain to Ghurid control and created an urgent demand for small-denomination copper in newly administered markets. The dynasty never developed a centralized mint system; attribution of individual pieces to specific striking locations remains largely inferential.