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Falus - Mahmud Shah II Sultans of Malwa
| Issuer | Sultanate of Malwa |
|---|---|
| Year | 1515-1532 |
| Type | Standard circulation coin |
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| Obverse description | Irregular square copper flan bearing a multi-line Arabic legend in naskh script occupying the central field. The inscription reads the ruler's name and titles: Mahmud Shah al-Khalji ibn Nasir Shah. The lettering is boldly struck in raised relief against a flat field, with characteristic Malwa Sultanate calligraphic style. The flan shows pronounced surface patination with green and brown toning consistent with buried copper coinage. The overall execution is typical of hammered provincial sultanate coinage, with slightly uneven margins. |
|---|---|
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| Reverse description | Irregular square copper flan with the field divided into quadrants by a central horizontal and vertical line forming a cruciform arrangement, a design characteristic of Malwa Sultanate falus coinage. Each quadrant contains a portion of the Arabic legend in naskh script reading al-Sultan ibn al-Sultan, affirming the dynastic legitimacy of the issuer. The lettering is executed in raised relief, with bold strokes typical of hammered sultanate coinage. The surface bears a heavy green and brown patina consistent with long burial or circulation. The overall die work reflects the provincial workshop style of the Malwa mint. |
| Reverse script | Arabic |
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