Alughu's tenure as Chagatai Khan was defined almost entirely by open rebellion against Kublai Khan and the Toluid-dominated quriltai system. He seized control of the Chagatai ulus around 1260 — the same year Kublai and Ariq Böke split the Mongol world in civil war — and exploited that fracture to consolidate unprecedented autonomous power in Transoxiana and beyond. Copper fals of this period are administrative coins in the most direct sense: they functioned locally where silver was scarce or hoarded, and their survival in any condition tells you something about how unsettled circulation actually was.
Alughu's tenure as Chagatai Khan was defined almost entirely by open rebellion against Kublai Khan and the Toluid-dominated quriltai system. He seized control of the Chagatai ulus around 1260 — the same year Kublai and Ariq Böke split the Mongol world in civil war — and exploited that fracture to consolidate unprecedented autonomous power in Transoxiana and beyond. Copper fals of this period are administrative coins in the most direct sense: they functioned locally where silver was scarce or hoarded, and their survival in any condition tells you something about how unsettled circulation actually was.