Fals - Najm al-din Ghazi II Inscriptions in stars

Najm al-Din Ghazi II ruled Mardin through one of the most catastrophic periods in the medieval Islamic world — his reign encompassed the Mongol destruction of the Abbasid Caliphate in 1258 and the sacking of Baghdad. The Artuqids of Mardin survived by navigating Mongol suzerainty with calculated submission, which makes their continued copper coinage in this period less a sign of political confidence than of administrative necessity under new masters.

Album 1833 places this type firmly within a late Artuqid sequence that drew heavily on astrological and talismanic imagery, a tradition the dynasty had cultivated for over a century.