Fals - Anonymous

The anonymous copper fals presents one of Islamic numismatics' more persistent attribution puzzles — no caliph claimed these pieces, and mint signatures are frequently absent or ambiguous. They circulated in the decades following Abd al-Malik's sweeping monetary reforms of 696–697, which abolished figural imagery and standardized the epigraphic coinage in silver and gold, but left the copper fraction largely to provincial initiative. Local administrators struck fals with varying weight standards and formulae, producing a fragmented, almost decentralized small-change economy across Syria, Iraq, and Egypt simultaneously.