Fals - al-Zahir Jaqmaq

Al-Zahir Jaqmaq ruled the Mamluk Sultanate for fifteen years after seizing power in 1438, a reign notable for its relative stability in a sultanate that had burned through rulers at a brutal pace — his predecessor Barsbay had already expelled the Venetians from Alexandria and fought the Cypriots, leaving Jaqmaq an exhausted treasury. Copper fals of this period were the everyday transaction coin of Cairo's markets and largely ignored by chroniclers, which is precisely why surviving attribution to a specific sultan's reign requires careful die analysis rather than documentary record.