Fals - Ahmad b. Tulun

Ahmad ibn Tulun governed Egypt as an ostensibly loyal Abbasid governor but systematically redirected tax revenues to fund his own army and administration rather than remitting them to Baghdad — a fiscal maneuver that effectively made him independent without formally declaring it. Copper fulus of his reign circulated locally where silver dirhams were too valuable for small transactions, and the Tulunid administration issued them with enough regularity to suggest a deliberate monetary infrastructure rather than an ad hoc supplement.

Ibn Tulun also extended his control into Syria by 878, briefly uniting the two provinces under a single non-Abbasid authority for the first time since the early caliphate.