Dukat koronny - Władysław IV Waza Bydgoszcz mint

Władysław IV authorized ducats from Bydgoszcz during a period when he was aggressively pursuing war against the Ottomans — a campaign the Sejm repeatedly refused to fund. The king's efforts to finance military operations through alternative means, including pushing mint output, ultimately collapsed when the nobility blocked his war plans entirely in 1646. These Bydgoszcz ducats thus predate that political humiliation by only a few years.

The five Koperecki references covering just two years of production indicate meaningful die variety across this short run — not unusual for Bydgoszcz, a mint known for inconsistent die preparation throughout the mid-seventeenth century.