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Double dirham 'with Tibetan script' - temp. Toqta Ukek mint
| Issuer | Golden Horde |
|---|---|
| Year | 1291-1312 |
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| Composition | Log in to see details |
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| Shape | Round (irregular) |
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| Obverse description | Log in to see details |
|---|---|
| Obverse script | Tibetan |
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| Reverse description | Central field displaying a multi-line Arabic inscription enclosed within a dotted inner circle, with additional dot pellets punctuating the border. The Arabic legend reads 'al-'izz al-da'im wa al-sharaf al-qa'im' (meaning 'Eternal glory and enduring honour'), a formula commonly employed on Golden Horde silver issues of this period. The script is rendered in a bold, somewhat informal naskh style consistent with provincial Mongol mint practice. The flan edge is irregular and shows characteristic clipping and flan preparation marks typical of hammered Ukek mint coinage. |
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| Additional information |
Toqta's reign over the Golden Horde was marked by violent consolidation — he had his uncle Noqai killed in 1299 after years of the latter operating as a near-autonomous warlord controlling the western steppe. The Ukek mint, on the Volga near modern Saratov, was one of the Horde's more active western production centers during this period of internal restructuring.
The Tibetan script on this issue almost certainly reflects Buddhist influence filtering through the Mongol administrative class, a reminder that the Golden Horde's religious identity in this decade was genuinely contested — Toqta himself was Buddhist before later rulers shifted the polity toward Islam.