Doppio Quarto - Giovanni II Bentivoglio

Historical Context: Issued in 1494, this Doppio Quarto from the Republic of Bologna reflects the nuanced authority of Giovanni II Bentivoglio during a pivotal year. Nominally a papal vicariate, Bologna under Bentivoglio operated as a *de facto* independent signoria. The year 1494 marked the onset of the Italian Wars with Charles VIII's invasion, forcing Bentivoglio to skillfully navigate alliances amidst profound geopolitical upheaval. This coinage asserted his dynastic legitimacy and Bologna's civic autonomy during a period of intense instability and shifting allegiances across the Italian peninsula.

Artistry: The artistic execution aligns with the early High Renaissance numismatic aesthetic prevalent in Northern Italy, likely influenced by the schools of Ferrara and Florence. While specific engraver attribution for this issue remains elusive, typical for the era, the design would feature the Bentivoglio family crest—often a diamond with saw teeth—and civic symbols of Bologna, such as the lion rampant or the city's emblem. The style emphasizes clear, albeit often shallow, relief, characteristic of contemporary medallic art and a departure from earlier Gothic conventions.

Technical/Grading: For optimal grading, focus on the integrity of the Bentivoglio crest details on the obverse, particularly the serrations of the diamond and any surrounding legend elements. On the reverse, the highest points of the civic emblem—such as the lion's musculature or St. Petronius's drapery and facial features—are critical wear indicators. A full, even strike, often challenging on these smaller silver planchets (2.37 gg), is paramount. Clarity of the legends, especially BONONIA, and minimal flan imperfections or laminations, further enhance numismatic value.