Dirham - Pishkin II ibn Muhammad

The Pishkinids were a minor Ildegizid client dynasty controlling the Aras River valley region in what is now northwestern Iran and Azerbaijan during the late 12th century. Pishkin II's decade of rule coincided with the accelerating fragmentation of Seljuk authority in the region, and local copper coinage of this type served administrative functions that silver could no longer reliably fulfill as trade networks contracted under political pressure from Georgia and the Atabeg courts simultaneously.

Copper issues from peripheral dynasties of this period are frequently underrepresented in major collections — survival rates depend heavily on local soil conditions, and the Aras valley's agricultural use has been brutal to buried hoards.