By 1411–12, the Golden Horde was fracturing under sustained dynastic conflict, and coins minted without a mint name are characteristic of this late period — issues produced under contested or mobile authority where formal mint infrastructure had collapsed or been abandoned. Assigning this piece to Saray is a scholarly convention based on die and style comparisons, not a recorded attribution. Jalal al-Din's reign was brief and embattled; he was killed in 1412, making this among his final issues.
By 1411–12, the Golden Horde was fracturing under sustained dynastic conflict, and coins minted without a mint name are characteristic of this late period — issues produced under contested or mobile authority where formal mint infrastructure had collapsed or been abandoned. Assigning this piece to Saray is a scholarly convention based on die and style comparisons, not a recorded attribution. Jalal al-Din's reign was brief and embattled; he was killed in 1412, making this among his final issues.