Dirham - al-Mu'azzam Mahmud

Al-Mu'azzam Mahmud ruled the Jazira region under Artuqid authority during a period of intense political fragmentation across northern Mesopotamia, with Mongol pressure already reshaping dynastic allegiances throughout the region. By 1242, the Artuqid lords of Hasankeyf were navigating an increasingly untenable position between the collapsing Seljuk Sultanate of Rum and advancing Mongol forces — Köse Dağ was still a year away, but the pressure was already felt.

The Artukids of Hasankeyf issued copper dirhams in part because silver supplies through traditional trade routes were badly disrupted. Ismail Galib Edhem's 19th-century catalog remains the foundational reference for this series.