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Dirham - Abdallah b. Mika'il Imitating Samanid prototypes - Bulghar mint

Issuer Volga Bulgaria
Year 959
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Currency Dinar (898-1240)
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Obverse script Arabic
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Reverse description Central field bearing multiple horizontal lines of Arabic Kufic script, arranged in the style characteristic of Samanid dirhams, naming the Volga Bulgarian ruler Abdallah ibn Mika'il and providing the mint and date formula. The central inscription reads: 'Muhammad, Messenger of God / Abdallah ibn Mika'il / In the name of God, this dirham was struck at Bulghar in the year three hundred and forty-eight.' A circular marginal legend in Arabic script surrounds the central field, enclosed within a beaded border following Samanid typological conventions. The coin exhibits an irregular flan with a suspension hole pierced near the right rim, consistent with the obverse, confirming secondary use as a personal ornament.
Reverse script Arabic
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