Dinheiro 'Pentagram'- Afonso I

Afonso Henriques was already in his sixties when these were struck — an old man by medieval standards, the first king of a realm that had only formally existed since 1143, when the Treaty of Zamora compelled Castile to recognize Portuguese independence. The Church hadn't fully caught up: papal recognition came only in 1179, meaning some of these coins circulated under a king whose royal title Rome had not yet endorsed.

The billon content here is characteristic of Iberian monetary pragmatism during the Reconquista, when silver was perpetually diverted toward military campaigns rather than coinage.