Dinero - Felipe IV

Felipe IV's Valencian dineros occupy an awkward administrative moment: the Crown of Aragon's monetary system, of which Valencia was a part, operated under fueros that legally constrained Castilian kings from imposing monetary reforms without the consent of local estates. The billon coinage issued under Felipe IV reflects that tension — the king needed revenue, the Corts of Valencia needed constitutional reassurances, and the resulting issues were compromises struck across four decades of fitful production.

Billon of this weight and module circulated hard in Valencia's retail economy, and survivors in any meaningful state of preservation are scarcer than their long production window might suggest.