Dinero 'Cornado' - Alfonso XI Burgos

Alfonso XI struck these billon cornados throughout a reign defined by near-constant military pressure from the Marinid dynasty crossing from North Africa. The critical moment came at the Río Salado in 1340, where Alfonso — fighting alongside Afonso IV of Portugal — broke the last serious Marinid invasion attempt on the peninsula. The subsequent siege and capture of Algeciras in 1344 demanded sustained military finance, and the cornado's debased billon composition reflects exactly that fiscal strain.

Alfonso died besieging Gibraltar in 1350, killed not by combat but by the Black Death — the only European monarch documented to have died in that plague year while on campaign.