Dinar - Anonymous Ifriqiya

The aniconic gold coinage introduced under Abd al-Malik's monetary reform of 696–697 AD represented a deliberate rupture with Byzantine and Sasanian coin traditions, replacing figural imagery entirely with Quranic inscriptions. Ifriqiya — roughly modern Tunisia — had its own mint producing these dinars as the Umayyads consolidated control over North Africa following the defeat of the Byzantines at Carthage in 698.

The anonymous attribution reflects genuine uncertainty: without mint names or dates on many of these pieces, assignment to Ifriqiya relies on die linkage studies and subtle metallurgical distinctions from eastern Umayyad production.