Dinar - Abu `Amr `Uthman Tarabulus

Abu ʿAmr ʿUthman ruled the Hafsid sultanate for over five decades — an extraordinary reign by any measure, and the longest of the dynasty. His prolonged rule stabilized Tunis as a commercial hub linking sub-Saharan gold networks to Genoese and Aragonese merchants who were paying close attention to every dinar leaving the mint. The Hafsids under ʿUthman maintained enough diplomatic flexibility to negotiate simultaneously with Aragon, the Papacy, and the Marinids, which kept trade routes — and the gold supply — functional through genuinely turbulent decades.

Album 513.1 distinguishes this type within a reign long enough to have produced multiple die series.