Denier - William VIII

William VIII ruled Aquitaine for nearly three decades following his seizure of the duchy from his brother Guy-Geoffroy, and his coinage reflects the fractured monetary authority of eleventh-century southern France — multiple seigneurial mints operating with minimal standardization, producing billon of wildly inconsistent fineness. The Poitevin denier type bearing his name circulated across a region that was simultaneously a battleground for Capetian, Angevin, and Gascon political ambitions.

Dy féodales 1017 is among the more frequently cited references for this type, though attribution between William VII and VIII remains contested in older literature due to overlapping titulature on dies.