Denier Tournois - Gaston d'Orléans 8th type

Gaston d'Orléans acquired the Principality of Dombes through his first wife, Marie de Bourbon, in 1626 — and spent the following decades issuing coinage from Trévoux that routinely irritated the French crown, which had limited but never fully suppressed the principality's minting rights. By 1649, Gaston was deep into the Fronde, having switched sides more than once in the conflict between the Parlement of Paris and Mazarin's regency government. That the Trévoux mint continued producing through this period reflects how thoroughly Dombes functioned as a semi-autonomous enclave regardless of broader political collapse.