Denier Tournois - Charles II 3rd type

Charles II de González ruled the tiny Principality of Arches-Charleville as a sovereign enclave entirely surrounded by French territory, a jurisdictional anomaly that gave him the right to strike his own coinage despite sitting within arm's reach of the French crown. The denier tournois was a French monetary form he was effectively obligated to adopt — issuing anything recognizable as foreign tender would have made the coins useless to the local population trading daily with French neighbors.

The "3rd type" distinction within Charles II's output reflects die modifications made during a short four-year window, which is why the Boudeau reference can only cite a comparative variety rather than an exact match.