Theodoric I ruled Upper Lotharingia as a loyalist of the Ottonian emperors, and the Saint-Dié mint operated under ecclesiastical authority tied to the chapter of Saint-Dié-des-Vosges, making these deniers something of a jurisdictional hybrid — ducal in name, chapter-administered in practice. The forty-year span of this type reflects how slowly Lotharingian coinage evolved under Ottonian oversight, with die changes largely driven by wear rather than political intention.
Theodoric I ruled Upper Lotharingia as a loyalist of the Ottonian emperors, and the Saint-Dié mint operated under ecclesiastical authority tied to the chapter of Saint-Dié-des-Vosges, making these deniers something of a jurisdictional hybrid — ducal in name, chapter-administered in practice. The forty-year span of this type reflects how slowly Lotharingian coinage evolved under Ottonian oversight, with die changes largely driven by wear rather than political intention.