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Denier - Robert the Frisian
| Issuer | Flanders, County of |
|---|---|
| Year | 1072-1093 |
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| Reference(s) | Dann Sa#155 |
| Obverse description | Central short cross pattée with two scepters and two small crosses disposed alternately in the four angles, all enclosed within a beaded inner circle. The legend ROBERTI runs along the periphery between the inner beaded circle and the outer border, identifying the issuing count. The design is executed in the crude but vigorous hand-struck style typical of 11th-century Flemish feudal coinage. |
|---|---|
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| Reverse description | A stylized flowering or fleur-de-lis plant with scrolling acanthus-like foliage radiates from the center of the field, enclosed within a beaded inner circle. The plant motif is rendered with naturalistic curling fronds and a pronounced central stem, characteristic of Carolingian-influenced vegetal ornament found on Flemish feudal deniers. The peripheral legend * EGOSVN dE is distributed around the outer border, the lettering somewhat irregular in spacing and size as is typical of hand-engraved 11th-century dies. |
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| Additional information |
Robert the Frisian spent much of his reign in open defiance of the French crown, having defeated King Philip I at the Battle of Cassel in 1071 — the year before this coinage begins. His alliance with the Danish king Sweyn II and later cultivation of Byzantine connections gave Flanders an unusually independent foreign policy for a nominally French vassal, and his deniers reflect a county operating very much on its own terms.