Denier - Richard I

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正面铭文	✠ RICARdvs (Translation: Richard.)
背面描述	A stylised architectural façade, representing a temple or church elevation in the Carolingian tradition, occupies the central field. At the centre of the structure is a saltire cross (cross of Saint Andrew) with a pellet in each of the four angles. The design is enclosed within a beaded inner circle, with the surrounding legend in crude Carolingian majuscules reading ROTOMACVS, identifying the mint city of Rouen. The architectural motif and overall composition are characteristic of Norman feudal deniers of the mid-to-late tenth century.
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附加信息	Richard I of Normandy — "Richard the Fearless" — ruled during a period when the duchy was still consolidating its identity after barely two generations of Scandinavian settlement. His father William Longsword had been assassinated in 942, leaving Richard a child duke surrounded by enemies including the French king Louis IV, who briefly held him captive at Laon. Coinage issued under his name was as much a political assertion of autonomous ducal authority as it was a practical monetary instrument. The billon alloy reflects the chronic silver shortage affecting northern French minting throughout the tenth century.

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