Denier - Raymond of Anduze
| Issuer | Roquefeuil, Lordship of |
|---|---|
| Year | 1155-1204 |
| Type | Standard circulation coin |
| Value | 1 Denier (1⁄240) |
| Currency | |
| Composition | Billon |
| Weight | 0.93 g |
| Diameter | 18 mm |
| Thickness | |
| Shape | Round (irregular) |
| Technique | Hammered |
| Orientation | Variable alignment ↺ |
| Engraver(s) | |
| In circulation to | |
| Reference(s) | Dy féodales#1571, Boudeau#760, PA#3858 |
| Obverse description | Large `R` with pellets in fields. |
|---|---|
| Obverse script | Latin |
| Obverse lettering |
✠ ROCAFOILEN` R (Translation: Raymond; Roquefeuil.) |
| Reverse description | Cross anchored. |
| Reverse script | Latin |
| Reverse lettering |
✠ LEX PRIMA M` (Translation: Coinage of the first law.) |
| Edge | |
| Mint | |
| Mintage |
ND (1155-1204) - - |
| Numisquare ID | 1896224160 |
| Additional information |
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Historical Context: This denier was issued under Raymond of Anduze, a prominent figure in the Lordship of Roquefeuil during the High Middle Ages (1155-1204). This period in southern France saw feudal lords assert economic and political autonomy through coinage rights. Raymond's issuance signifies Roquefeuil's sovereign status and its need for localized currency to facilitate trade and taxation, reflecting the decentralized nature of medieval governance.
Artistry: The anonymous engraver worked within the regional Romanesque stylistic tradition, common for feudal issues of Languedoc. The obverse typically features a prominent cross pattee, a ubiquitous symbol of Christian authority. The reverse often presents a stylized legend, such as "ANDVZE" or "ROQVEFEVL," sometimes with a crosslet or annulet. While lacking refined detail, the design is functional and emblematic, conveying the issuer's identity and authority through clear epigraphy.
Technical/Grading: Struck in billon, a low-grade silver alloy, this denier typically weighs 0.93 grams and measures 18 millimeters. High-points for wear include the central elements of the cross and the raised serifs of the legends. Technical strike quality is often variable; issues frequently present irregular flans, off-center strikes, or areas of weakness due to manual striking and potentially worn dies. The billon composition can also result in a granular surface texture and uneven toning.