Denier - Raymond I to Raymond V annulets

Turenne's deniers occupy a strange corner of French feudal coinage: the viscounty was a near-sovereign enclave that retained minting rights through repeated waves of Capetian consolidation that stripped neighboring lords of precisely those privileges. The annulet type spans an unusually long arc — from Raymond I through Raymond V — suggesting the dies or their designs were refreshed conservatively, with continuity of type serving as a deliberate assertion of dynastic permanence rather than administrative accident.

Boudeau 407 is notoriously difficult to attribute to a specific Raymond without supporting find context.