Denier - Pepin the Short Saint Stephen abbey of Bourges

Pépin III's reign marked the first systematic Carolingian effort to standardize silver coinage across the Frankish territories, though enforcement was uneven and local ecclesiastical mints operated with considerable autonomy. The abbey of Saint-Étienne at Bourges held minting privileges that predated Pépin's coronation, and coins struck under that authority occupy an awkward position — nominally royal issues, practically local ones.

The absence of reference numbers across Nouchy, Gariel, Morrison, and Prou almost certainly reflects a surviving specimen count low enough that no standard catalog has pinned down a firm type attribution.