Denier - Pepin the Short in the name of Robert

Pépin III — the first Carolingian king, who deposed the last Merovingian in 751 with papal sanction — reformed Frankish coinage around 755, shifting authority over minting away from autonomous ecclesiastical and aristocratic moneyers toward royal control. The attribution "in the name of Robert" reflects a transitional reality: local moneyers still signed their output, a practice Charlemagne would later suppress entirely. Which Robert issued under Pépin's authority remains unresolved — the name was common among Frankish nobility of the period, and no single identification commands scholarly consensus.