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Denier - Pepin the Short Geneva

Issuer Unified Carolingian Empire
Year 751-768
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Weight 1.32 g
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Obverse description Flat, irregularly shaped silver flan with a bold cross pattée to the left and the royal monogram composed of the letters R and P occupying the central field, rendered in a large, archaic uncial style characteristic of early Carolingian die-cutting. The letters are deeply struck in high relief with somewhat crude but deliberate workmanship. The entire design is contained within a border of raised pellets encircling the coin's periphery. No figurative portrait is present, as was customary for Carolingian deniers of this period. The inscription reads + R·P·, an abbreviated reference to Rex Pipinus (King Pepin).
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Obverse lettering + R⸱P⸱
(Translation: King Pepin.)
Reverse description The reverse displays the mint name of Geneva rendered in large, boldly incised capital letters occupying the central field, reading GENU in an abbreviated form typical of early Carolingian coinage. The letters are arranged in two lines and struck in high relief on the irregularly shaped flan, with workmanship consistent with provincial Carolingian hammered coinage. A cross is visible above the legend, serving both as a devotional symbol and a design element. The field is flat and unadorned, and the coin is bordered by a continuous ring of raised pellets along the periphery. The overall fabric and execution are consistent with the Geneva mint's output during the reign of Pepin the Short.
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