Denier - Pepin the Short

Pépin III seized the Frankish throne in 751 with papal backing, deposing the last Merovingian king Childeric III — who was tonsured and packed off to a monastery. The monetary reform that followed was among the most consequential of the early medieval period: Pépin standardized the silver denier, abolishing the gold tremissis that had dominated Frankish exchange since late antiquity and shifting the entire Carolingian economy onto a silver monometallic basis. This restructuring predated Charlemagne's better-known reforms by decades.

The relatively light weight of these early deniers reflects the transitional phase before Pépin's later reform of around 755–760, which pushed the standard closer to 1.3 g.