Denier - Pepin II Toulouse mint

Pépin II of Aquitaine spent much of his reign as a Carolingian rebel, fighting his uncles Louis the German and Charles the Bald after being denied the kingdom his father had held. These deniers were struck during a period when Pépin controlled Toulouse but his political legitimacy was genuinely contested — Charles the Bald was simultaneously issuing his own coinage and asserting authority over the same territory. The Toulouse mint had been active under Pépin I and continued under his son, giving this issue direct dynastic continuity even as the military situation deteriorated.

By 848, Charles the Bald had effectively broken Pépin's hold on Aquitaine, and Pépin himself was captured by the Franks in 852.