Denier - Olof Skötkonung / Imitating Æthelred II, 978-1016

Sweden had no established mint infrastructure in the late tenth century, so Olof Skötkonung — the first Swedish king known to have struck coins — imported the technology directly from England, bringing Anglo-Saxon moneyers to Sigtuna around 995. The result was near-direct copying of Æthelred II's penny types, legends mangled or meaningless in the hands of craftsmen working from models rather than instruction.

The imitation was deliberate policy, not incompetence. English pennies dominated Baltic trade, and a coin that looked credibly English moved more easily through Scandinavian markets than one announcing its provincial origins.