Denier - Louis I

Louis I of Bavaria — "der Kelheimer" — ruled from 1183 until his murder in 1231, stabbed on a bridge over the Altmühl River at Kelheim in an assassination that was never conclusively attributed. His killers were almost certainly acting on political orders, with Duke Frederick II of Austria among the suspected instigators, though nothing was proven. Deniers of this period reflect the fragmented monetary authority of the German duchies, where regional lords struck silver on their own terms long after imperial coinage had ceased to impose uniformity.