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Denier - John X and emperor Berengar I
| Issuer | Papal States |
|---|---|
| Year | 915-928 |
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| Composition | Log in to see details |
| Weight | 1.18 g |
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| Obverse description | Central field features a stylized monogram, likely a Carolingian-style ligature, enclosed within a raised inner circle or beaded border. The surrounding legend, divided by a cross, reads IOHANS PA and BERNEGARIV IMP, invoking the joint authority of Pope John X and Emperor Berengar I. The die work is characteristic of early medieval Roman hammered coinage, with irregular flan shaping and uneven strike depth. Lettering is rendered in crude Latin capitals, typical of tenth-century papal mint production at Rome. |
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| Mintage | ND (915-928) |
| Additional information |
John X's alliance with Berengar I was forged in military necessity: it was Berengar who led the Italian coalition that crushed the Saracen encampment at the Garigliano in 915, the same year John rewarded him with the imperial crown. This coin is a direct artifact of that political transaction, its joint authority reflecting a papacy genuinely dependent on a secular protector for its physical survival. Berengar died in 924, murdered at Verona, and John himself was deposed and almost certainly smothered in Castel Sant'Angelo in 928.