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Denier - John X and emperor Berengar I
| Issuer | Papal States |
|---|---|
| Year | 915-928 |
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| Shape | Round (irregular) |
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|---|---|
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| Reverse description | Central field displays a stylized architectural or symbolic motif, possibly a temple facade or cross-based design, set within a beaded inner circle. The surrounding circular legend reads ROMA and SCS PETRVS, affirming the Roman mint attribution and the dedication to Saint Peter, patron of the papal see. The lettering is executed in rough Latin capitals consistent with the hammered technique and the artisanal standards of the early tenth-century Roman mint. The irregular flan and variable relief are hallmarks of this series. |
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| Edge | Plain |
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| Additional information |
John X's alliance with Berengar I was forged in military necessity: it was Berengar who led the Italian coalition that crushed the Saracen encampment at the Garigliano in 915, the same year John rewarded him with the imperial crown. This coin is a direct artifact of that political transaction, its joint authority reflecting a papacy genuinely dependent on a secular protector for its physical survival. Berengar died in 924, murdered at Verona, and John himself was deposed and almost certainly smothered in Castel Sant'Angelo in 928.