Denier - John II Seville

John II of Castile's reign was administratively functional but financially chaotic — the crown's chronic insolvency forced repeated debasements of the billon coinage throughout the 1430s and 1440s, making the actual silver content of any given denier from this period variable enough to frustrate even contemporary merchants. The Seville mint was among the most active in the crown's network during these years, serving Andalusian trade routes that connected Castile's interior markets to Atlantic and Mediterranean commerce.

The Imperatrix and MOMECA references diverge slightly on subtype classification for this issue, reflecting genuine uncertainty about die attributions across the reign's long span.